There is no direct evidence that bulimia causes cancer. However, the behaviors associated with bulimia can lead to conditions that may increase cancer risk, particularly esophageal cancer.
Chronic exposure of the esophagus to stomach acid due to repeated vomiting can cause damage that, over time, may lead to precancerous changes.
With that said, not all people with bulimia engage in self-induced vomiting. Bulimia is characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (in other words, behavior to make up for overeating).
While self-induced vomiting is a common compensatory behavior among people with bulimia, they may also compensate by engaging in extreme exercise or taking laxatives.
There’s a lack of research on the link between bulimia and cancer.
There have been a few case studies, including a 2021 study, that have reported a link between bulimia and cancer.
Other case studies have reported instances where people with long-standing bulimia developed Barrett’s esophagus — a condition where the esophageal lining changes due to repeated acid exposure. Barrett’s esophagus is a known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer.
A 2015 study found that people who have been hospitalized for eating disorders have a slightly higher risk of developing esophageal cancer. Another study found that there may be a link between cancer and binge eating episodes, which can be a symptom of bulimia.
A meta-analysis published in 2022 also found a connection between irregular diets and esophageal risk.
A 2020 systematic review looked at research on eating disorders and cancer risk. Although the authors noted that there isn’t enough research on the topic, the review noted that some research found that people with eating disorders have a decreased risk of developing breast or cervical cancer, but an increased risk for esophageal, liver, brain, and respiratory cancer.
More recently, a 2025 longitudinal study looked at the medical records of 6,807,731 individuals using the Danish National Registries. It found that anorexia nervosa was associated with a higher incidence of esophageal cancer, and all eating disorders besides bulimia were associated with a higher incidence of respiratory and cervical cancers.
However, far more research is needed before we can firmly draw conclusions between cancer risk and eating disorders, especially bulimia.
Several factors can increase the risk of developing cancer, including:
- tobacco and alcohol use
- inadequate nutrition
- a lack of physical activity
- water and air pollution
- exposure to radiation
- genetic predisposition
- advanced age
Some of these factors can be controlled, while others — like your genetic makeup and age — are not something you can change.
Certain infections and health conditions may increase your risk of cancer. These infections include:
If you suspect you’re at risk for developing cancer, speak with a healthcare professional. They can recommend screenings at appropriate intervals.
If you or someone you know is living with bulimia, it’s important to seek medical attention. Early intervention can prevent long-term health complications.
Additionally, if you experience any of the following symptoms, consult a healthcare professional:
- Persistent heartburn or acid reflux
- Difficulty swallowing
- Unexplained weight loss
- Chest pain
- Chronic sore throat or hoarseness
These symptoms could indicate damage to the esophagus or other underlying conditions that require medical evaluation.
While bulimia itself doesn’t directly cause cancer, the behaviors associated with it can lead to conditions that increase cancer risk, particularly in the esophagus. There’s a lack of research on the connection between bulimia and cancer risk, which means there’s a lot we don’t know.
It’s essential to address bulimia not only to improve mental health but also to prevent potential long-term physical complications. If you or someone you know is living with bulimia, reach out to a healthcare professional for support and guidance.